验证
通过浏览器默认行为或自定义样式和 JavaScript,使用 HTML5 表单验证向用户提供有价值的可操作反馈。
工作原理
以下是 Bootstrap 中表单验证的工作原理
- HTML 表单验证通过 CSS 的两个伪类
:invalid
和:valid
应用。它适用于<input>
、<select>
和<textarea>
元素。 - Bootstrap 将
:invalid
和:valid
样式作用域限定到父级.was-validated
类,通常应用于<form>
。否则,任何没有值的必填字段在页面加载时都会显示为无效。这样,你可以选择何时激活它们(通常在尝试提交表单之后)。 - 要重置表单的外观(例如,在使用 Ajax 进行动态表单提交的情况下),请在提交后再次从
<form>
中删除.was-validated
类。 - 作为后备,
.is-invalid
和.is-valid
类可用于代替伪类,用于 服务器端验证。它们不需要.was-validated
父类。 - 由于 CSS 工作方式的限制,我们目前无法在没有自定义 JavaScript 帮助的情况下,对 DOM 中表单控件之前的
<label>
应用样式。 - 所有现代浏览器都支持约束验证 API,这是一系列用于验证表单控件的 JavaScript 方法。
- 反馈消息可以使用浏览器默认值(每个浏览器不同,并且无法通过 CSS 设置样式)或我们的自定义反馈样式(使用额外的 HTML 和 CSS)。
- 您可以在 JavaScript 中使用 `setCustomValidity` 提供自定义有效性消息。
考虑到这一点,请考虑以下演示,了解我们的自定义表单验证样式、可选的服务器端类和浏览器默认值。
自定义样式
对于自定义 Bootstrap 表单验证消息,您需要将 `novalidate` 布尔属性添加到您的 `<form>` 中。这将禁用浏览器默认的反馈工具提示,但仍可通过 JavaScript 访问表单验证 API。尝试提交下面的表单;我们的 JavaScript 将拦截提交按钮并向您传递反馈。在尝试提交时,您会看到 `:invalid` 和 `:valid` 样式应用于您的表单控件。
自定义反馈样式应用自定义颜色、边框、焦点样式和背景图标,以更好地传达反馈。`<select>` 的背景图标仅可与 `form-select` 一起使用,而不能与 `form-control` 一起使用。
<form class="row g-3 needs-validation" novalidate>
<div class="col-md-4">
<label for="validationCustom01" class="form-label">First name</label>
<input type="text" class="form-control" id="validationCustom01" value="Mark" required>
<div class="valid-feedback">
Looks good!
</div>
</div>
<div class="col-md-4">
<label for="validationCustom02" class="form-label">Last name</label>
<input type="text" class="form-control" id="validationCustom02" value="Otto" required>
<div class="valid-feedback">
Looks good!
</div>
</div>
<div class="col-md-4">
<label for="validationCustomUsername" class="form-label">Username</label>
<div class="input-group has-validation">
<span class="input-group-text" id="inputGroupPrepend">@</span>
<input type="text" class="form-control" id="validationCustomUsername" aria-describedby="inputGroupPrepend" required>
<div class="invalid-feedback">
Please choose a username.
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="col-md-6">
<label for="validationCustom03" class="form-label">City</label>
<input type="text" class="form-control" id="validationCustom03" required>
<div class="invalid-feedback">
Please provide a valid city.
</div>
</div>
<div class="col-md-3">
<label for="validationCustom04" class="form-label">State</label>
<select class="form-select" id="validationCustom04" required>
<option selected disabled value="">Choose...</option>
<option>...</option>
</select>
<div class="invalid-feedback">
Please select a valid state.
</div>
</div>
<div class="col-md-3">
<label for="validationCustom05" class="form-label">Zip</label>
<input type="text" class="form-control" id="validationCustom05" required>
<div class="invalid-feedback">
Please provide a valid zip.
</div>
</div>
<div class="col-12">
<div class="form-check">
<input class="form-check-input" type="checkbox" value="" id="invalidCheck" required>
<label class="form-check-label" for="invalidCheck">
Agree to terms and conditions
</label>
<div class="invalid-feedback">
You must agree before submitting.
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="col-12">
<button class="btn btn-primary" type="submit">Submit form</button>
</div>
</form>
// Example starter JavaScript for disabling form submissions if there are invalid fields
(() => {
'use strict'
// Fetch all the forms we want to apply custom Bootstrap validation styles to
const forms = document.querySelectorAll('.needs-validation')
// Loop over them and prevent submission
Array.from(forms).forEach(form => {
form.addEventListener('submit', event => {
if (!form.checkValidity()) {
event.preventDefault()
event.stopPropagation()
}
form.classList.add('was-validated')
}, false)
})
})()
浏览器默认值
对自定义验证反馈消息或编写 JavaScript 来更改表单行为不感兴趣?没关系,您可以使用浏览器默认值。尝试提交下面的表单。根据您的浏览器和操作系统,您将看到略有不同的反馈样式。
虽然无法使用 CSS 设置这些反馈样式,但您仍然可以通过 JavaScript 自定义反馈文本。
<form class="row g-3">
<div class="col-md-4">
<label for="validationDefault01" class="form-label">First name</label>
<input type="text" class="form-control" id="validationDefault01" value="Mark" required>
</div>
<div class="col-md-4">
<label for="validationDefault02" class="form-label">Last name</label>
<input type="text" class="form-control" id="validationDefault02" value="Otto" required>
</div>
<div class="col-md-4">
<label for="validationDefaultUsername" class="form-label">Username</label>
<div class="input-group">
<span class="input-group-text" id="inputGroupPrepend2">@</span>
<input type="text" class="form-control" id="validationDefaultUsername" aria-describedby="inputGroupPrepend2" required>
</div>
</div>
<div class="col-md-6">
<label for="validationDefault03" class="form-label">City</label>
<input type="text" class="form-control" id="validationDefault03" required>
</div>
<div class="col-md-3">
<label for="validationDefault04" class="form-label">State</label>
<select class="form-select" id="validationDefault04" required>
<option selected disabled value="">Choose...</option>
<option>...</option>
</select>
</div>
<div class="col-md-3">
<label for="validationDefault05" class="form-label">Zip</label>
<input type="text" class="form-control" id="validationDefault05" required>
</div>
<div class="col-12">
<div class="form-check">
<input class="form-check-input" type="checkbox" value="" id="invalidCheck2" required>
<label class="form-check-label" for="invalidCheck2">
Agree to terms and conditions
</label>
</div>
</div>
<div class="col-12">
<button class="btn btn-primary" type="submit">Submit form</button>
</div>
</form>
服务器端
我们建议使用客户端验证,但如果你需要服务器端验证,你可以使用 .is-invalid
和 .is-valid
指示无效和有效的表单字段。请注意,这些类也支持 .invalid-feedback
。
对于无效字段,请确保无效反馈/错误消息与相关表单字段关联,使用 aria-describedby
(请注意,此属性允许引用多个 id
,以防该字段已指向其他表单文本)。
要修复 边框半径问题,输入组需要一个附加的 .has-validation
类。
<form class="row g-3">
<div class="col-md-4">
<label for="validationServer01" class="form-label">First name</label>
<input type="text" class="form-control is-valid" id="validationServer01" value="Mark" required>
<div class="valid-feedback">
Looks good!
</div>
</div>
<div class="col-md-4">
<label for="validationServer02" class="form-label">Last name</label>
<input type="text" class="form-control is-valid" id="validationServer02" value="Otto" required>
<div class="valid-feedback">
Looks good!
</div>
</div>
<div class="col-md-4">
<label for="validationServerUsername" class="form-label">Username</label>
<div class="input-group has-validation">
<span class="input-group-text" id="inputGroupPrepend3">@</span>
<input type="text" class="form-control is-invalid" id="validationServerUsername" aria-describedby="inputGroupPrepend3 validationServerUsernameFeedback" required>
<div id="validationServerUsernameFeedback" class="invalid-feedback">
Please choose a username.
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="col-md-6">
<label for="validationServer03" class="form-label">City</label>
<input type="text" class="form-control is-invalid" id="validationServer03" aria-describedby="validationServer03Feedback" required>
<div id="validationServer03Feedback" class="invalid-feedback">
Please provide a valid city.
</div>
</div>
<div class="col-md-3">
<label for="validationServer04" class="form-label">State</label>
<select class="form-select is-invalid" id="validationServer04" aria-describedby="validationServer04Feedback" required>
<option selected disabled value="">Choose...</option>
<option>...</option>
</select>
<div id="validationServer04Feedback" class="invalid-feedback">
Please select a valid state.
</div>
</div>
<div class="col-md-3">
<label for="validationServer05" class="form-label">Zip</label>
<input type="text" class="form-control is-invalid" id="validationServer05" aria-describedby="validationServer05Feedback" required>
<div id="validationServer05Feedback" class="invalid-feedback">
Please provide a valid zip.
</div>
</div>
<div class="col-12">
<div class="form-check">
<input class="form-check-input is-invalid" type="checkbox" value="" id="invalidCheck3" aria-describedby="invalidCheck3Feedback" required>
<label class="form-check-label" for="invalidCheck3">
Agree to terms and conditions
</label>
<div id="invalidCheck3Feedback" class="invalid-feedback">
You must agree before submitting.
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="col-12">
<button class="btn btn-primary" type="submit">Submit form</button>
</div>
</form>
支持的元素
验证样式可用于以下表单控件和组件
<input>
和<textarea>
带有.form-control
(包括输入组中最多一个.form-control
)<select>
带有.form-select
.form-check
<form class="was-validated">
<div class="mb-3">
<label for="validationTextarea" class="form-label">Textarea</label>
<textarea class="form-control" id="validationTextarea" placeholder="Required example textarea" required></textarea>
<div class="invalid-feedback">
Please enter a message in the textarea.
</div>
</div>
<div class="form-check mb-3">
<input type="checkbox" class="form-check-input" id="validationFormCheck1" required>
<label class="form-check-label" for="validationFormCheck1">Check this checkbox</label>
<div class="invalid-feedback">Example invalid feedback text</div>
</div>
<div class="form-check">
<input type="radio" class="form-check-input" id="validationFormCheck2" name="radio-stacked" required>
<label class="form-check-label" for="validationFormCheck2">Toggle this radio</label>
</div>
<div class="form-check mb-3">
<input type="radio" class="form-check-input" id="validationFormCheck3" name="radio-stacked" required>
<label class="form-check-label" for="validationFormCheck3">Or toggle this other radio</label>
<div class="invalid-feedback">More example invalid feedback text</div>
</div>
<div class="mb-3">
<select class="form-select" required aria-label="select example">
<option value="">Open this select menu</option>
<option value="1">One</option>
<option value="2">Two</option>
<option value="3">Three</option>
</select>
<div class="invalid-feedback">Example invalid select feedback</div>
</div>
<div class="mb-3">
<input type="file" class="form-control" aria-label="file example" required>
<div class="invalid-feedback">Example invalid form file feedback</div>
</div>
<div class="mb-3">
<button class="btn btn-primary" type="submit" disabled>Submit form</button>
</div>
</form>
工具提示
如果表单布局允许,你可以将 .{valid|invalid}-feedback
类交换为 .{valid|invalid}-tooltip
类,以在样式化工具提示中显示验证反馈。确保在工具提示定位上有一个具有 position: relative
的父级。在下面的示例中,我们的列类已经具有此功能,但你的项目可能需要一个备用设置。
<form class="row g-3 needs-validation" novalidate>
<div class="col-md-4 position-relative">
<label for="validationTooltip01" class="form-label">First name</label>
<input type="text" class="form-control" id="validationTooltip01" value="Mark" required>
<div class="valid-tooltip">
Looks good!
</div>
</div>
<div class="col-md-4 position-relative">
<label for="validationTooltip02" class="form-label">Last name</label>
<input type="text" class="form-control" id="validationTooltip02" value="Otto" required>
<div class="valid-tooltip">
Looks good!
</div>
</div>
<div class="col-md-4 position-relative">
<label for="validationTooltipUsername" class="form-label">Username</label>
<div class="input-group has-validation">
<span class="input-group-text" id="validationTooltipUsernamePrepend">@</span>
<input type="text" class="form-control" id="validationTooltipUsername" aria-describedby="validationTooltipUsernamePrepend" required>
<div class="invalid-tooltip">
Please choose a unique and valid username.
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="col-md-6 position-relative">
<label for="validationTooltip03" class="form-label">City</label>
<input type="text" class="form-control" id="validationTooltip03" required>
<div class="invalid-tooltip">
Please provide a valid city.
</div>
</div>
<div class="col-md-3 position-relative">
<label for="validationTooltip04" class="form-label">State</label>
<select class="form-select" id="validationTooltip04" required>
<option selected disabled value="">Choose...</option>
<option>...</option>
</select>
<div class="invalid-tooltip">
Please select a valid state.
</div>
</div>
<div class="col-md-3 position-relative">
<label for="validationTooltip05" class="form-label">Zip</label>
<input type="text" class="form-control" id="validationTooltip05" required>
<div class="invalid-tooltip">
Please provide a valid zip.
</div>
</div>
<div class="col-12">
<button class="btn btn-primary" type="submit">Submit form</button>
</div>
</form>
CSS
变量
在 v5.3.0 中添加作为 Bootstrap 不断发展的 CSS 变量方法的一部分,表单现在使用本地 CSS 变量进行验证,以增强实时自定义。CSS 变量的值通过 Sass 设置,因此 Sass 自定义仍然受支持。
--#{$prefix}form-valid-color: #{$form-valid-color};
--#{$prefix}form-valid-border-color: #{$form-valid-border-color};
--#{$prefix}form-invalid-color: #{$form-invalid-color};
--#{$prefix}form-invalid-border-color: #{$form-invalid-border-color};
这些变量还具有颜色模式自适应性,这意味着它们在暗模式下会改变颜色。
Sass 变量
$form-feedback-margin-top: $form-text-margin-top;
$form-feedback-font-size: $form-text-font-size;
$form-feedback-font-style: $form-text-font-style;
$form-feedback-valid-color: $success;
$form-feedback-invalid-color: $danger;
$form-feedback-icon-valid-color: $form-feedback-valid-color;
$form-feedback-icon-valid: url("data:image/svg+xml,<svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 8 8'><path fill='#{$form-feedback-icon-valid-color}' d='M2.3 6.73.6 4.53c-.4-1.04.46-1.4 1.1-.8l1.1 1.4 3.4-3.8c.6-.63 1.6-.27 1.2.7l-4 4.6c-.43.5-.8.4-1.1.1z'/></svg>");
$form-feedback-icon-invalid-color: $form-feedback-invalid-color;
$form-feedback-icon-invalid: url("data:image/svg+xml,<svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 12 12' width='12' height='12' fill='none' stroke='#{$form-feedback-icon-invalid-color}'><circle cx='6' cy='6' r='4.5'/><path stroke-linejoin='round' d='M5.8 3.6h.4L6 6.5z'/><circle cx='6' cy='8.2' r='.6' fill='#{$form-feedback-icon-invalid-color}' stroke='none'/></svg>");
$form-valid-color: $form-feedback-valid-color;
$form-valid-border-color: $form-feedback-valid-color;
$form-invalid-color: $form-feedback-invalid-color;
$form-invalid-border-color: $form-feedback-invalid-color;
$form-valid-color-dark: $green-300;
$form-valid-border-color-dark: $green-300;
$form-invalid-color-dark: $red-300;
$form-invalid-border-color-dark: $red-300;
Sass 混合
通过我们的 循环,结合两个混合,生成我们的表单验证反馈样式。
@mixin form-validation-state-selector($state) {
@if ($state == "valid" or $state == "invalid") {
.was-validated #{if(&, "&", "")}:#{$state},
#{if(&, "&", "")}.is-#{$state} {
@content;
}
} @else {
#{if(&, "&", "")}.is-#{$state} {
@content;
}
}
}
@mixin form-validation-state(
$state,
$color,
$icon,
$tooltip-color: color-contrast($color),
$tooltip-bg-color: rgba($color, $form-feedback-tooltip-opacity),
$focus-box-shadow: 0 0 $input-btn-focus-blur $input-focus-width rgba($color, $input-btn-focus-color-opacity),
$border-color: $color
) {
.#{$state}-feedback {
display: none;
width: 100%;
margin-top: $form-feedback-margin-top;
@include font-size($form-feedback-font-size);
font-style: $form-feedback-font-style;
color: $color;
}
.#{$state}-tooltip {
position: absolute;
top: 100%;
z-index: 5;
display: none;
max-width: 100%; // Contain to parent when possible
padding: $form-feedback-tooltip-padding-y $form-feedback-tooltip-padding-x;
margin-top: .1rem;
@include font-size($form-feedback-tooltip-font-size);
line-height: $form-feedback-tooltip-line-height;
color: $tooltip-color;
background-color: $tooltip-bg-color;
@include border-radius($form-feedback-tooltip-border-radius);
}
@include form-validation-state-selector($state) {
~ .#{$state}-feedback,
~ .#{$state}-tooltip {
display: block;
}
}
.form-control {
@include form-validation-state-selector($state) {
border-color: $border-color;
@if $enable-validation-icons {
padding-right: $input-height-inner;
background-image: escape-svg($icon);
background-repeat: no-repeat;
background-position: right $input-height-inner-quarter center;
background-size: $input-height-inner-half $input-height-inner-half;
}
&:focus {
border-color: $border-color;
@if $enable-shadows {
@include box-shadow($input-box-shadow, $focus-box-shadow);
} @else {
// Avoid using mixin so we can pass custom focus shadow properly
box-shadow: $focus-box-shadow;
}
}
}
}
// stylelint-disable-next-line selector-no-qualifying-type
textarea.form-control {
@include form-validation-state-selector($state) {
@if $enable-validation-icons {
padding-right: $input-height-inner;
background-position: top $input-height-inner-quarter right $input-height-inner-quarter;
}
}
}
.form-select {
@include form-validation-state-selector($state) {
border-color: $border-color;
@if $enable-validation-icons {
&:not([multiple]):not([size]),
&:not([multiple])[size="1"] {
--#{$prefix}form-select-bg-icon: #{escape-svg($icon)};
padding-right: $form-select-feedback-icon-padding-end;
background-position: $form-select-bg-position, $form-select-feedback-icon-position;
background-size: $form-select-bg-size, $form-select-feedback-icon-size;
}
}
&:focus {
border-color: $border-color;
@if $enable-shadows {
@include box-shadow($form-select-box-shadow, $focus-box-shadow);
} @else {
// Avoid using mixin so we can pass custom focus shadow properly
box-shadow: $focus-box-shadow;
}
}
}
}
.form-control-color {
@include form-validation-state-selector($state) {
@if $enable-validation-icons {
width: add($form-color-width, $input-height-inner);
}
}
}
.form-check-input {
@include form-validation-state-selector($state) {
border-color: $border-color;
&:checked {
background-color: $color;
}
&:focus {
box-shadow: $focus-box-shadow;
}
~ .form-check-label {
color: $color;
}
}
}
.form-check-inline .form-check-input {
~ .#{$state}-feedback {
margin-left: .5em;
}
}
.input-group {
> .form-control:not(:focus),
> .form-select:not(:focus),
> .form-floating:not(:focus-within) {
@include form-validation-state-selector($state) {
@if $state == "valid" {
z-index: 3;
} @else if $state == "invalid" {
z-index: 4;
}
}
}
}
}
Sass 映射
这是来自 _variables.scss
的验证 Sass 映射。覆盖或扩展此映射以生成不同或其他状态。
$form-validation-states: (
"valid": (
"color": var(--#{$prefix}form-valid-color),
"icon": $form-feedback-icon-valid,
"tooltip-color": #fff,
"tooltip-bg-color": var(--#{$prefix}success),
"focus-box-shadow": 0 0 $input-btn-focus-blur $input-focus-width rgba(var(--#{$prefix}success-rgb), $input-btn-focus-color-opacity),
"border-color": var(--#{$prefix}form-valid-border-color),
),
"invalid": (
"color": var(--#{$prefix}form-invalid-color),
"icon": $form-feedback-icon-invalid,
"tooltip-color": #fff,
"tooltip-bg-color": var(--#{$prefix}danger),
"focus-box-shadow": 0 0 $input-btn-focus-blur $input-focus-width rgba(var(--#{$prefix}danger-rgb), $input-btn-focus-color-opacity),
"border-color": var(--#{$prefix}form-invalid-border-color),
)
);
$form-validation-states
的映射可以包含三个可选参数来覆盖工具提示和焦点样式。
Sass 循环
用于遍历 $form-validation-states
映射值以生成我们的验证样式。通过此循环,对上述 Sass 映射的任何修改都将反映在已编译的 CSS 中。
@each $state, $data in $form-validation-states {
@include form-validation-state($state, $data...);
}
自定义
验证状态可以通过 Sass 中的 $form-validation-states
映射进行自定义。此 Sass 映射位于我们的 _variables.scss
文件中,我们通过它生成默认的 valid
/invalid
验证状态。其中包含一个嵌套映射,用于自定义每个状态的颜色、图标、工具提示颜色和焦点阴影。虽然浏览器不支持其他状态,但使用自定义样式的用户可以轻松添加更复杂的表单反馈。